Referral to emergency
If any of the following are present or suspected, please refer the patient to the emergency department (via ambulance if necessary) or seek emergent medical advice if in a remote region.
- severe/uncontrolled abdominal and/or rectal pain unresponsive to first-line management
- potentially life-threatening, significant, or uncontrolled per rectum (PR) bleed evidenced by:
- hypotension
- syncope
- large volume ongoing bleeding
- acute severe ulcerative colitis ≥ 6 bloody bowel stools per 24 hours (Truelove and Witts criteria) as well as any of the following
- temperature >37.8°C
- pulse rate >90bpm
- haemoglobin (Hb) <105 gm/L
- C-reactive protein (CRP) >30gm/L at presentation or erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) >30mm
- suspected large bowel obstruction, potential symptoms include:
- inability to pass any bowel motions or gas
- significant change in bowel habits
- distended abdomen, abdominal pain and cramping
- nausea/vomiting
Please contact the on-call registrar to discuss your concerns prior to referral.
For clinical advice, please telephone the relevant metropolitan Local Health Network switchboard and ask to speak to the relevant specialty service.
Central Adelaide Local Health Network
- Royal Adelaide Hospital (08) 7074 0000
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital (08) 8222 6000
Northern Adelaide Local Health Network
- Lyell McEwin Hospital (08) 8182 9000
Southern Adelaide Local Health Network
- Flinders Medical Centre (08) 8204 5511
- Noarlunga Hospital (08) 8384 9222
Exclusions
- Second opinions for conditions already seen by the same specialty
Triage categories
Category 1 (appointment clinically indicated within 30 days)
- per rectum (PR) bleeding with any concerning features:
- age >40
- new onset, not previously investigated
- symptoms suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colitis
- new change in bowel habit
- new tenesmus
- obstipation or nocturnal diarrhoea
- dark blood coating or mixed with stool
- unexplained weight loss of at least 5-10% in previous 3-6 months
- palpable or visible abdominal/rectal mass, digital rectal exam (DRE) mandatory
- iron deficiency in males and postmenopausal women or unexplained iron deficiency in premenopausal women, exclude inadequate iron intake, menorrhagia
- relevant patient and or family history of bowel cancer, 1st degree relative less than 55 years old
Category 2 (appointment clinically indicated within 90 days)
- persistent or recurrent PR bleeding without concerning features
- previously investigated less than two years or recurrent rectal bleeding with a known cause for example:
- radiation therapy
- IBD
- anal fissure
- haemorrhoids
- suspected haemorrhoidal bleeding, refer to ‘clinical management advice and resources’
- suspected anal fissure, refer to ‘clinical management advice and resources’
Category 3 (appointment clinically indicated within 365 days)
- nil
For information on referral forms and how to import them, please view general referral information.
Essential referral information
Completion required before first appointment to ensure patients are ready for care. Please indicate in the referral if the patient is unable to access mandatory tests or investigations as they incur a cost or are unavailable locally.
- identifies as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander
- relevant social history, including identifying if you feel your patient is from a vulnerable population and/or requires a third party to receive correspondence on their behalf
- interpreter required
- smoking/alcohol and other drug status
- age
History
- detailed history of bleeding including volume, frequency, duration, bowel habit, constipation, straining, associated bowel symptoms, blood alone or mixed with stools, clots, mucous, tenesmus, recurrent per rectum (PR) bleeding previously investigated
- associated red flags:
- change in bowel habit
- weight loss
- new onset of anal or abdominal pain
- abdominal or rectal mass
- specific patient and family history of gastrointestinal disease including age at diagnosis and specific relationship to the patient/family tree including cancer, specimens, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, haemorrhoids
- previous management trialled and efficacy - including previous admission/s to hospital for those with recurrent or previous rectal bleeding
- current medications including aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), novel oral anticoagulants and warfarin
- dietary history if iron deficient
- menstrual history if iron deficient and female
- frailty, cognitive function, ability to use a digital “self-service” pathway
Examination
- body mass index
- abdominal and digital rectal examination (DRE) required for all rectal bleeding referrals
- general cardiorespiratory exam including fitness for endoscopic procedures
Investigations
- haemoglobin (Hb)
- relevant previous imaging, endoscopy, colonoscopy, histology reports and pathology of specimens removed
Additional information to assist triage categorisation
As appropriate to patient frailty, age, and comorbidities
- chest-abdomen-pelvis computed tomography (CT)
- faecal occult blood test (FOBT) results indicating whether this was complete through the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program.
- iron studies
- complete blood examination (CBE)
- electrolytes urea and creatinine (EUC)
- liver function test (LFT)
Clinical management advice
If concerns regarding diagnosis please discuss with Colorectal/General surgery or Gastroenterology registrar dependent on Local Health Network.
Patients residing in the Central Adelaide Local Health Network catchment can be referred directly via the Routine Endoscopic Pathway electronic form CALHN Public Request Form if they require a routine endoscopy or colonoscopy. This new single service pathway allows for better access to routine endoscopic procedures.
Every patient with overt rectal bleeding needs a digital rectal exam (DRE) before referral.Unless previously or recently investigated, all overt rectal bleeding generally requires a flexi-sigmoidoscopy (< 40 years) or colonoscopy for older persons, or those presenting with other risk factors.
National standards recommend a colonoscopy or other total colonic examination is performed within 120 days of an appropriately performed immunological faecal occult blood testing (iFOBT)/faecal immunochemical test (FIT)/faecal human haemoglobin (FHH).
If a patient has been fully investigated within last 2 years and symptoms remain unchanged, clinician discretion is needed to appropriately refer and triage. In general, there is little value in repeat specialist assessment and/or endoscopic procedures in this scenario.
Clinical resources
- HealthPathways SA - Colorectal symptoms (rectal bleeding) log in required
- Australian Cancer Council - Bowel cancer symptoms
- Gastroenterological Society of Australia (GESA) — Clinical practice resources
- Cancer Council - Colorectal cancer guidelines
- Central Adelaide Local Health Network - Public Request Form